Dot gov

Official websites use the Texas HHS logo.
The Texas HHS logo means this is an official website of Texas Health and Human Services.

HTTPS

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

5. References

  1. Clinical Pharmacology [database online]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard, Inc; 2024. Available at: http://www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu. Accessed November 19, 2024.
  2. IBM Micromedex DRUGDEX (electronic version). Truven Health Analytics, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. Available at: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com.libproxy.uthscsa.edu/ Accessed November 19, 2024.
  3. Estazolam oral tablets package insert. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Inc., February 2024.
  4. Flurazepam oral capsules package insert. Chartwell RX, LLC., October 2024.
  5. Temazepam (Restoril) oral cap8sules package insert. SpecGx LLC., May 2024.
  6. Triazolam (Halcion) oral tablets package insert. Pharmacia & Upjohn Company LLC., August 2024.
  7. Quazepam oral tablets package insert. Atland Pharmaceuticals, LLC., October 2024.
  8. By the 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 Updated AGS Beers Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(7):2052-2081.
  9. Phenobarbital oral tablets package insert. e5 Pharma LLC., October 2024.
  10. Phenobarbital oral elixir package insert. e5 Pharma LLC., October 2024.
  11. Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):307-349. Published 2017 Feb 15. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6470
  12. Eszopiclone (Lunesta) oral tablets package insert. Sumitomo Pharma America, Inc, December 2023.
  13. Eszopiclone oral tablets package insert. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, December 2021.
  14. Zaleplon oral capsules package insert. Aurobindo Pharma Limited, May 2024.
  15. Zolpidem immediate-release (Ambien) oral tablets package insert. Sanofi Aventis U.S., August 2024.
  16. Zolpidem extended-release (Ambien CR) package insert. Sanofi Aventis U.S., August 2024.
  17. Zolpidem sublingual tablets (Edluar) package insert. Meda Pharmaceuticals, August 2022.
  18. Zolpidem sublingual tablets package insert. Endo USA, Inc., October 2019.
  19. Zolpidem oral capsules package insert. Almatica Pharma, LLC., May 2023.
  20. Ramelteon oral tablets (Rozerem) package insert. Takeda Pharmaceuticals America Inc., January 2023.
  21. Ramelteon oral tablets package insert. Actavis Pharma Inc., March 2022.
  22. Daridorexant oral tablets (Quviviq) package insert. Idorsia Pharmaceuticals US Inc., October 2024.
  23. Lemborexant oral tablets (Dayvigo) package insert. Eisai Inc., December 2018.
  24. Suvorexant oral tablets (Belsomra) package insert. Merck & Co., Inc., October 2024.
  25. Doxepin oral tablets (Silenor) package insert. Currax Pharmaceuticals LLC, May 2023.
  26. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth Edition. American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
  27. Dopp JM, Phillips BG. Chapter 92. Sleep disorders (Chapter). In: DiPiro JT, Yee GC, Posey M, et al. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach. 12th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2020. Access Pharmacy Web site. Available at: https://accesspharmacy-mhmedical-com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu. Accessed November 21, 2024.
  28. Dopheide JA. Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26(4 Suppl):S76-S84. doi:10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769
  29. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487-504.
  30. Sutton EL. Insomnia. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):ITC33-ITC48. doi:10.7326/AITC202103160
  31. Kaur H, Spurling BC, Bollu PC. Chronic Insomnia. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; July 10, 2023.