Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Medications listed in the tables and non-FDA approved indications included in these retrospective criteria are not indicative of Texas Vendor Drug Program formulary coverage.
- Revision history
- July 22, 2022; June 2020; May 2018; May 2016; September 2014; December 2012; March 2011.
- Initially developed
- October 2008
1. Dosage
1.1. Adults
The skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs), carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol, metaxalone, and orphenadrine, are FDA-approved for short-term use to manage discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions such as strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries1-10. These agents should be used as an adjunct to non-pharmacologic treatments, including rest and physical therapy. Baclofen is FDA approved to alleviate signs and symptoms of spasticity resulting from multiple sclerosis, particularly for the relief of flexor spasms and concomitant pain, clonus, and muscular rigidity. Baclofen may also be useful in patients with spinal cord injuries and other spinal cord diseases1,2,11-14. Tizanidine is FDA approved for the management of spasticity, and dantrolene is FDA approved for managing spasticity due to upper motor neuron disorders (e.g., spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, or stroke)1,2,15,16. Maximum recommended dosages for SMRs are summarized in Table 1. Dosages exceeding these recommendations will be reviewed.
Drug Name | Dosage Form/Strength | Treatment Indication | Maximum Recommended Dosage |
---|---|---|---|
baclofen (generic, Lyvispah®, Ozobax®, Fleqsuvy®) | 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg tablets (generic); 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg oral granules (Lyvispah®); 5 mg/ 5 mL oral solution (Ozobax®, generic); 5 mg/mL oral suspension (Fleqsuvy®) | spasticity | 80 mg/day, in divided doses |
carisoprodol (Soma®, generic) | 250 mg, 350 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 1400 mg/day, in divided doses |
chlorzoxazone (generic) | 250 mg, 375 mg, 500 mg tablets, 750 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 3000 mg/day, in divided doses |
chlorzoxazone (Lorzone®) | 375 mg, 750 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 3000 mg/day, in divided doses |
cyclobenzaprine tablet (Fexmid®, generic) | 5 mg, 7.5 mg (Fexmid®), 10 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 30 mg/day, in divided doses |
cyclobenzaprine capsule, extended-release (Amrix®, generic) | 15 mg, 30 mg capsules | muscle spasm | 30 mg/day |
dantrolene (Dantrium®, generic) | 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg capsules | spasticity | 400 mg/day, in divided doses |
metaxalone (Skelaxin®, generic) | 400 mg, 800 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 3200 mg/day, in divided doses |
methocarbamol (Robaxin®, generic) | 500 mg, 750 mg tablets | muscle spasm | 8 g/day, in divided doses |
orphenadrine ER (generic) | 100 mg extended-release tablet | muscle spasm | 200 mg/day, in divided doses |
tizanidine | 2 mg, 4 mg tablets (Zanaflex®, generic); 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg capsules (Zanaflex®, generic) | spasticity | 36 mg/day, in divided doses |
Drug Name | Dosage Form/Strength | Treatment Indication | Maximum Recommended Dosage |
---|---|---|---|
carisoprodol/ ASA/codeine (generic) | 200 mg/325 mg/16 mg tablets | acute pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions | 400 mg/650 mg/32 mg (2 tablets) four times daily |
orphenadrine/ ASA/ caffeine (Norgesic Forte®, generic) | 25 mg/385 mg/30 mg, 50 mg/770 mg/60 mg tablets | Mild to moderate pain of acute musculoskeletal disorders | 200 mg/3080 mg/240 mg daily |
Legend:
- ASA - aspirin
1.1.1. Dosing in Renal and Hepatic Disease
Carisoprodol dosing adjustments should be considered for patients with severe hepatic insufficiency, as carisoprodol is extensively metabolized by the liver. Carisoprodol is also renally eliminated and should be dosed cautiously in patients with severe renal impairment1-3 .
Chlorzoxazone should be administered cautiously, if at all, in patients with a history of hepatic disease as hepatotoxicity has been reported with chlorzoxazone use. Chlorzoxazone should not be prescribed to patients with active hepatic disease, including hepatitis1,2,4 .
Cyclobenzaprine is extensively metabolized by liver and is not recommended for use in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Cyclobenzaprine dosage adjustments are necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment1,2,5-7 .
Administer baclofen cautiously in patients with renal impairment as the drug is primarily renally excreted1,2,11 .
Orphenadrine should be administered cautiously to patients with renal and hepatic disease, as the drug is extensively metabolized in the liver, with metabolites and unchanged drug eliminated by the kidneys1,2,10 .
Dosage adjustments for methocarbamol may be necessary for patients with hepatic impairment, as the drug is extensively metabolized in the liver1,2,9 .
Metaxalone is contraindicated for use in patients with significantly impaired renal and/or hepatic function1,2.
Dantrolene should not be prescribed to patients with hepatic disease due to risk of hepatic injury associated with this drug1,2,16.Tizanidine is extensively metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys; therefore, tizanidine should be prescribed cautiously to patients with hepatic and renal impairment1,2,15< ./p>
1.2. Pediatrics
With the exception of dantrolene, skeletal muscle relaxants are not FDA-approved for use in children1,2,16. Safety and efficacy of cyclobenzaprine extended-release capsules (Amrix®) have not been evaluated in pediatric patients, including adolescents1,2,7. Select skeletal muscle relaxants are FDA-approved for use in adolescents. Recommended pediatric dosages and age limitations for skeletal muscle relaxants are summarized in Table 2.
Although not FDA-approved, baclofen has been used for spasticity in pediatric patients 2 to 7 years of age in doses up to 40 mg/day and in children 8 to 11 years of age in maximum doses of 60 mg/day1.
Drug Name | Treatment Indication | Maximum Recommended Dosage |
---|---|---|
baclofen | spasticity | Greater than or equal to 12 years of age: 80 mg/day, in divided doses |
dantrolene | spasticity | Greater than or equal to 5 years of age: 400 mg/day, in divided doses |
carisoprodol | muscle spasm | Greater than or equal to 16 years of age: 1400 mg/day, in divided doses |
cyclobenzaprine tablets | muscle spasm | Greater than or equal to 15 years of age: 30 mg/day, in divided doses |
metaxalone | muscle spasm | Greater than 12 years of age: 3200 mg/day, in divided doses |
methocarbamol | muscle spasm | Greater than or equal to 16 years of age: 8 g/day, in divided doses |
2. Duration of Therapy
For muscle spasm, centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants have been evaluated for short-term use in managing acute pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions. Therefore, with the exception of carisoprodol and cyclobenzaprine, patient profiles documenting prolonged skeletal muscle relaxant use for greater than three months will be reviewed.
Cyclobenzaprine therapy for muscle spasm should not last longer than three weeks as efficacy beyond this time period has not been demonstrated1,2,5-7.
Limited information exists regarding carisoprodol therapy duration for muscle spasm. As carisoprodol has been evaluated only for use in the treatment of acute painful musculoskeletal conditions, patient profiles documenting prolonged carisoprodol or carisoprodol combination therapy use (greater than 21 days) will be reviewed. Cases of psychological dependence have been reported following carisoprodol administration.19,20 Therefore, carisoprodol should be administered cautiously, if at all, to patients with a history of drug or alcohol abuse and/or dependence.
There is no basis for limiting therapy duration for skeletal muscle relaxants prescribed for spasticity (e.g., baclofen, dantrolene, tizanidine) as spasticity due to upper motor neuron disorders (e.g., spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke) is a chronic disorder.
3. Duplicative Therapy
Concurrent administration of two or more skeletal muscle relaxants is not justified as additional therapeutic benefit is not realized and patients may be subjected to enhanced pharmacologic and/or adverse effects. Adjunctive prescriptions for two or more skeletal muscle relaxants will be reviewed.
4. Drug-Drug Interactions
Patient profiles will be assessed to identify those drug regimens, which may result in clinically significant drug-drug interactions. Drug-drug interactions considered clinically significant for skeletal muscle relaxants are summarized in Table 3. Only those drug-drug interactions identified as major severity or those considered life threatening which have not been classified will be reviewed.
Target Drug | Interacting Drug | Interaction | Recommendation | Clinical Significance Level # |
---|---|---|---|---|
cyclobenzaprine | MAOIs | combined administration may increase risk of hypertensive crises, convulsions, and death; mechanism not determined but may be due to additive norepinephrine effects or serotonin syndrome | combined use contraindicated; do not use cyclobenzaprine within 14 days of MAOI discontinuation | contraindicated (DrugReax) 1-severe (CP) |
cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine | QT interval-prolonging medications | Cyclobenzaprine is structurally related to TCAs, which have been associated with QT interval prolongation; combined administration may increase risk of QT interval prolongation; tizanidine also associated with QT interval prolongation in post marketing reports | administer combination cautiously and monitor for QT interval prolongation | contraindicated (DrugReax) 1-severe (CP) |
cyclobenzaprine | SSRIs/SNRIs | combined administration may increase risk of serotonin syndrome (e.g., tremor, fever, agitation, seizures, coma) due to additive serotonergic effects | administer drug combination cautiously; monitor closely for signs/symptoms of serotonin syndrome | major (DrugReax) 2-major (CP) |
cyclobenzaprine | tramadol | combined administration may increase seizure risk as cyclobenzaprine is structurally related to TCAs and TCAs may decrease seizure threshold; combined use may also increase risk of serotonin syndrome | avoid combination, if possible, especially in patients predisposed to seizures; if combination necessary, monitor closely for seizure activity and serotonin syndrome sign/ symptoms | major (DrugReax) 3-moderate (CP) |
orphenadrine | phenothiazines | combined administration may result in decreased phenothiazine serum levels/decreased phenothiazine effectiveness due to orphenadrine anticholinergic effects, which delay phenothiazine gastric emptying and absorption; combined therapy may also produce additive anticholinergic effects | avoid combination, if possible; if combined therapy necessary, adjust phenothiazine doses to effect | moderate (DrugReax) 3-moderate (CP) |
skeletal muscle relaxants | CNS depressants | increased risk of additive CNS depressant effects (e.g., sedation, respiratory depression) | administer combined therapy cautiously; adjust doses as necessary | major (DrugReax) 3-moderate (CP) |
tizanidine | potent CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., ciprofloxacin, fluvoxamine) | tizanidine is primarily metabolized by CYP1A2; adjunctive administration may result in increased tizanidine levels/enhanced pharmacologic/adverse effects (e.g., hypotension, excessive sedation) due to substantial CYP1A2 | combined use contraindicated | contraindicated (DrugReax) 1-severe (CP) |
tizanidine | other CYP1A2 inhibitors (e.g., acyclovir, verapamil) | tizanidine primarily metabolized by CYP1A2; adjunctive administration may result in increased tizanidine levels and enhanced pharmacologic/ adverse effects (e.g., hypotension, excessive sedation) due to substantial CYP1A2 inhibition | avoid combination, if possible; if adjunctive therapy necessary, administer cautiously and observe for increased adverse effects | major (DrugReax) 2-major (CP) |
Legend:
- #CP = Clinical Pharmacology
- CNS = central nervous system
- MAOIs = monoamine oxidase inhibitors
- SNRIs = serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
- SSRIs = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- TCAs = tricyclic antidepressant
5. References
- Clinical Pharmacology [database online]. Tampa, FL: Gold Standard, Inc; 2022. Available at: http://www.clinicalpharmacology.com. Accessed May 26, 2022.
- IBM Micromedex® DRUGDEX® (electronic version). Truven Health Analytics, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. Available at: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com.libproxy.uthscsa.edu/ (cited: May 26, 2022).
- Carisoprodol tablets package insert. Nostrum Laboratories, Inc., February 2020.
- Chlorzoxazone tablets package insert. Aurobindo Pharma Limited. January 2022.
- Cyclobenzaprine tablets package insert. Cipla USA, Inc., March 2021.
- Cyclobenzaprine (Fexmid®) package insert. All Pharma, LLC., January 2020.
- Cyclobenzaprine (Amrix®) extended-release capsule package insert. Cephalon, Inc., May 2020.
- Metaxalone (Skelaxin®) tablet package insert. Pfizer Laboratories Div Pfizer, Inc., April 2022.
- Methocarbamol tablet package insert. Camber Pharmaceuticals Inc., April 2021.
- Orphenadrine extended-release tablet package insert. Amneal Pharmaceuticals of New York, LLC., December 2019.
- Baclofen oral tablet package insert. Advagen Pharma Limited. February 2022.
- Baclofen oral granules (Lyvispah®) package insert. Saol Therapeutics, Inc. December 2021.
- Baclofen oral solution (Ozobax®) package insert. Metacel Pharmaceuticals, LLC. July 2021.
- Baclofen oral suspension (Fleqsuvy®) package insert. Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. February 2022.
- Tizanidine tablets and capsules (Zanaflex®) package insert. Covis Pharma US, Inc. November 2021.
- Dantrolene oral capsule package insert. Amneal Pharmaceuticals of New York LLC, December 2020.
- Carisoprodol/ aspirin/ codeine combination oral tablet package insert. Ingenus Pharmaceuticals, LLC. December 2021.
- Orphenadrine/ aspirin/ caffeine (Norgesic Forte®) combination oral tablet package insert. Poly Pharmaceuticals, Inc. March 2022.
- Reeves RR. Beddingfield JJ. Mack JE. Carisoprodol withdrawal syndrome. Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 24:1804-6.
- Reeves RR, Burke RS, Kose S. Carisoprodol: update on abuse potential and legal status. South Med J. 2012;105(11):619-23.